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Chapter 1 begins by reviewing and discussing the various views and concepts of the term “entrepreneur” that can be found in the existing literature since the 18th century. Then, it explains the origin and development of entrepreneurship theory from a historical perspective. Finally, it explores the future development of contemporary entrepreneurship as an independent research discipline.
Chapter 2 begins by presenting the characteristic features of Polish firms run by women in comparison with their counterparts in selected countries. It then reviews and discusses the internal and external determinants that facilitate or hinder the development of female entrepreneurship in Poland. Finally, it examines the economic, educational, as well as social and cultural barriers that negatively affect women entrepreneurs and their firms in Poland.
Chapter 3 starts by reviewing the main research themes in the literature on women’s entrepreneurship discussed since the mid-1970s. It then explores the theoretical background regarding research on the success factors of women-owned firms. In this section, firstly, different views on the concept of “success” in the business context are explained. Secondly, the measurement of different business success outcomes is examined in relation to the different methodological approaches used in research. Thirdly, key factors identified in the existing literature that positively influence the success achieved by women entrepreneurs are discussed. Finally, in the last section of this chapter, 24 selected papers from around the world, covering the period 2005–2018, are analyzed to examine the key factors that contribute positively to the performance of women-owned firms.
Chapter 4 provides the methodological basis for the study. This chapter presents and discusses the theoretical research model developed for the study. The research questions and objectives of the study are then formulated. Next, the research thesis and the hypotheses to be tested empirically are presented. This is followed by a description of the study population and the sampling design adopted. Finally, the methods and process of empirical data collection and the statistical methods used in data analysis are discussed.
Chapter 5 begins with a description of the characteristics of the Mazovia Voivodeship in Poland. Subsequently, the socio-demographic profile of female microentrepreneurs operating in the Mazovia Voivodeship is presented. Next, the business goals pursued and strategies adopted by women micro-entrepreneurs surveyed are described. Finally, the resources and characteristics of the researched micro-enterprises from the region, which are owned and co-owned by women, are presented.
Chapter 6 starts by explaining how the variables in the study are measured and operationalized. This is followed by a discussion of the findings of the exploratory factor analysis. Next, three correlation coefficients are analyzed to determine statistically significant correlations with the dependent variable under study. Subsequently, the results of the bivariate linear regression analysis are presented. This statistical method is used to test the formulated research hypotheses. Finally, three multivariate regression models are evaluated and their results are discussed with reference to published literature.
Finally, the Conclusions and recommendations section begins with conclusions drawn from the critical literature review and analysis of secondary data on women’s business success factors. It is followed by final conclusions relating to the authors’ own research on the key success factors affecting the economic performance of Polish micro-enterprises from the studied region, owned and co-owned by women. Next, some recommendations are presented to improve the business environment for female entrepreneurship in Poland. This section concludes with several recommendations for researchers on future directions of research on the phenomenon under study.
(excerpt from the Introduction)
[[[separator]]]
Introduction
Chapter 1
Theoretical foundations of entrepreneurship
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Origin and different approaches to the concept of “entrepreneur” in the literature
1.3. Origin and historical evolution of entrepreneurship theory
1.3.1. Introduction
1.3.2. An economic perspective on entrepreneurship
1.3.3. Psychological and sociological perspectives on entrepreneurship
1.3.4. Contemporary thought perspectives in entrepreneurship
1.4. Chapter summary
Chapter 2
Features, determinants of development and barriers to women’s entrepreneurship in Poland
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Characteristic features of women-owned firms in Poland
2.2.1. Entrepreneurship participation rates and distribution of women-owned firms in economic sectors
2.2.2. Performance of women-owned businesses
2.2.3. Women’s access to external finance
2.3. Determinants of women’s entrepreneurship development in Poland
2.4. Barriers to women’s entrepreneurship development in Poland
2.4.1. Barriers that adversely affect women and men business owners in Poland
2.4.2. Specific barriers negatively affecting women’s entrepreneurship in Poland
2.5. Chapter summary
Chapter 3
Overview of women’s success factors in a business context
3.1. Introduction
3.2. The specific nature of women’s entrepreneurship
3.2.1. Women’s entrepreneurship: early beginnings and literature review
3.2.2. Major contribution of women’s entrepreneurship research to the broader literature on entrepreneurship and small business management
3.3. Theoretical background to the research on business success factors of women-owned firms
3.3.1. Understanding and defining the concept of “success” in a business context
3.3.2. Measuring success in the context of women’s entrepreneurship: a review of the literature on business success outcome variables
3.3.3. Exploring factors positively influencing the success of women-owned firms: a review of literature on predictors of business success
3.4. Analysis of key success factors that positively affect the performance of women[1]owned firms: selected empirical evidence from the contemporary literature
3.5. Chapter summary
Chapter 4
Research methodology and description of the theoretical research model
4.1. Introduction
4.2. The epistemological position adopted
4.3. Research design
4.4. Specific research questions addressed in the study
4.5. The research objectives
4.5.1. Primary research objective
4.5.2. Secondary objectives
4.6. Theoretical research model
4.6.1. Description of the theoretical research model
4.6.2. Business success outcomes (economic and non-economic)
4.6.3. Predictors of business success
4.6.4. Control variables
4.7. Research thesis and hypotheses
4.7.1. Formulation of the research thesis
4.7.2. Formulation of research hypotheses
4.8. Description of the population and sampling design
4.9. Questionnaire design and pretesting
4.10. Data collection
4.11. Data analysis
4.12. Chapter summary
Chapter 5
The profile of Polish women micro-entrepreneurs from the Mazovia Voivodeship and the characteristic features of their firms
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Characteristics of the Mazovia Voivodeship in Poland
5.3. Socio-demographic characteristics of Polish women micro-entrepreneurs from the Mazovia Voivodeship
5.4. Pursued business goals and adopted strategies of Polish women micro-entrepreneurs from the Mazovia Voivodeship
5.5. Resources and firm characteristics of women-owned micro-enterprises from the Mazovia Voivodeship in Poland
5.6. Chapter summary
Chapter 6
Exploration of key success factors in business of women micro-entrepreneurs from the Mazovia Voivodeship
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Description of variables, level of measurement and operationalization in the study
6.3. Presentation of study results: exploratory factor analysis
6.3.1. Introduction
6.3.2. Preliminary data exploration using exploratory factor analysis
6.3.3. Factor extraction, reliability analysis and calculation of summated scales
6.4. Presentation of study results: analysis of correlation coefficients
6.4.1. Introduction
6.4.2. Discussion of results for Pearson’s r, Spearman’s rho and Kendall’s tau correlation coefficients
6.5. Presentation of study results: bivariate linear regression analysis and hypotheses testing
6.5.1. Introduction
6.5.2. Testing research hypotheses using bivariate linear regression models
6.6. Presentation of study results: evaluation of multivariate regression models
6.6.1. Introduction
6.6.2. Empirical evaluation of multivariate regression models
6.6.3. Discussion of study results for multivariate regression models
6.7. Chapter summary
Conclusions and recommendations
Bibliography
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Equations
Appendices
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
Appendix 4
Appendix 5
Appendix 6
Opis
Wstęp
Chapter 1 begins by reviewing and discussing the various views and concepts of the term “entrepreneur” that can be found in the existing literature since the 18th century. Then, it explains the origin and development of entrepreneurship theory from a historical perspective. Finally, it explores the future development of contemporary entrepreneurship as an independent research discipline.
Chapter 2 begins by presenting the characteristic features of Polish firms run by women in comparison with their counterparts in selected countries. It then reviews and discusses the internal and external determinants that facilitate or hinder the development of female entrepreneurship in Poland. Finally, it examines the economic, educational, as well as social and cultural barriers that negatively affect women entrepreneurs and their firms in Poland.
Chapter 3 starts by reviewing the main research themes in the literature on women’s entrepreneurship discussed since the mid-1970s. It then explores the theoretical background regarding research on the success factors of women-owned firms. In this section, firstly, different views on the concept of “success” in the business context are explained. Secondly, the measurement of different business success outcomes is examined in relation to the different methodological approaches used in research. Thirdly, key factors identified in the existing literature that positively influence the success achieved by women entrepreneurs are discussed. Finally, in the last section of this chapter, 24 selected papers from around the world, covering the period 2005–2018, are analyzed to examine the key factors that contribute positively to the performance of women-owned firms.
Chapter 4 provides the methodological basis for the study. This chapter presents and discusses the theoretical research model developed for the study. The research questions and objectives of the study are then formulated. Next, the research thesis and the hypotheses to be tested empirically are presented. This is followed by a description of the study population and the sampling design adopted. Finally, the methods and process of empirical data collection and the statistical methods used in data analysis are discussed.
Chapter 5 begins with a description of the characteristics of the Mazovia Voivodeship in Poland. Subsequently, the socio-demographic profile of female microentrepreneurs operating in the Mazovia Voivodeship is presented. Next, the business goals pursued and strategies adopted by women micro-entrepreneurs surveyed are described. Finally, the resources and characteristics of the researched micro-enterprises from the region, which are owned and co-owned by women, are presented.
Chapter 6 starts by explaining how the variables in the study are measured and operationalized. This is followed by a discussion of the findings of the exploratory factor analysis. Next, three correlation coefficients are analyzed to determine statistically significant correlations with the dependent variable under study. Subsequently, the results of the bivariate linear regression analysis are presented. This statistical method is used to test the formulated research hypotheses. Finally, three multivariate regression models are evaluated and their results are discussed with reference to published literature.
Finally, the Conclusions and recommendations section begins with conclusions drawn from the critical literature review and analysis of secondary data on women’s business success factors. It is followed by final conclusions relating to the authors’ own research on the key success factors affecting the economic performance of Polish micro-enterprises from the studied region, owned and co-owned by women. Next, some recommendations are presented to improve the business environment for female entrepreneurship in Poland. This section concludes with several recommendations for researchers on future directions of research on the phenomenon under study.
(excerpt from the Introduction)
Spis treści
Introduction
Chapter 1
Theoretical foundations of entrepreneurship
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Origin and different approaches to the concept of “entrepreneur” in the literature
1.3. Origin and historical evolution of entrepreneurship theory
1.3.1. Introduction
1.3.2. An economic perspective on entrepreneurship
1.3.3. Psychological and sociological perspectives on entrepreneurship
1.3.4. Contemporary thought perspectives in entrepreneurship
1.4. Chapter summary
Chapter 2
Features, determinants of development and barriers to women’s entrepreneurship in Poland
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Characteristic features of women-owned firms in Poland
2.2.1. Entrepreneurship participation rates and distribution of women-owned firms in economic sectors
2.2.2. Performance of women-owned businesses
2.2.3. Women’s access to external finance
2.3. Determinants of women’s entrepreneurship development in Poland
2.4. Barriers to women’s entrepreneurship development in Poland
2.4.1. Barriers that adversely affect women and men business owners in Poland
2.4.2. Specific barriers negatively affecting women’s entrepreneurship in Poland
2.5. Chapter summary
Chapter 3
Overview of women’s success factors in a business context
3.1. Introduction
3.2. The specific nature of women’s entrepreneurship
3.2.1. Women’s entrepreneurship: early beginnings and literature review
3.2.2. Major contribution of women’s entrepreneurship research to the broader literature on entrepreneurship and small business management
3.3. Theoretical background to the research on business success factors of women-owned firms
3.3.1. Understanding and defining the concept of “success” in a business context
3.3.2. Measuring success in the context of women’s entrepreneurship: a review of the literature on business success outcome variables
3.3.3. Exploring factors positively influencing the success of women-owned firms: a review of literature on predictors of business success
3.4. Analysis of key success factors that positively affect the performance of women[1]owned firms: selected empirical evidence from the contemporary literature
3.5. Chapter summary
Chapter 4
Research methodology and description of the theoretical research model
4.1. Introduction
4.2. The epistemological position adopted
4.3. Research design
4.4. Specific research questions addressed in the study
4.5. The research objectives
4.5.1. Primary research objective
4.5.2. Secondary objectives
4.6. Theoretical research model
4.6.1. Description of the theoretical research model
4.6.2. Business success outcomes (economic and non-economic)
4.6.3. Predictors of business success
4.6.4. Control variables
4.7. Research thesis and hypotheses
4.7.1. Formulation of the research thesis
4.7.2. Formulation of research hypotheses
4.8. Description of the population and sampling design
4.9. Questionnaire design and pretesting
4.10. Data collection
4.11. Data analysis
4.12. Chapter summary
Chapter 5
The profile of Polish women micro-entrepreneurs from the Mazovia Voivodeship and the characteristic features of their firms
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Characteristics of the Mazovia Voivodeship in Poland
5.3. Socio-demographic characteristics of Polish women micro-entrepreneurs from the Mazovia Voivodeship
5.4. Pursued business goals and adopted strategies of Polish women micro-entrepreneurs from the Mazovia Voivodeship
5.5. Resources and firm characteristics of women-owned micro-enterprises from the Mazovia Voivodeship in Poland
5.6. Chapter summary
Chapter 6
Exploration of key success factors in business of women micro-entrepreneurs from the Mazovia Voivodeship
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Description of variables, level of measurement and operationalization in the study
6.3. Presentation of study results: exploratory factor analysis
6.3.1. Introduction
6.3.2. Preliminary data exploration using exploratory factor analysis
6.3.3. Factor extraction, reliability analysis and calculation of summated scales
6.4. Presentation of study results: analysis of correlation coefficients
6.4.1. Introduction
6.4.2. Discussion of results for Pearson’s r, Spearman’s rho and Kendall’s tau correlation coefficients
6.5. Presentation of study results: bivariate linear regression analysis and hypotheses testing
6.5.1. Introduction
6.5.2. Testing research hypotheses using bivariate linear regression models
6.6. Presentation of study results: evaluation of multivariate regression models
6.6.1. Introduction
6.6.2. Empirical evaluation of multivariate regression models
6.6.3. Discussion of study results for multivariate regression models
6.7. Chapter summary
Conclusions and recommendations
Bibliography
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Equations
Appendices
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
Appendix 4
Appendix 5
Appendix 6
Opinie
Chapter 1 begins by reviewing and discussing the various views and concepts of the term “entrepreneur” that can be found in the existing literature since the 18th century. Then, it explains the origin and development of entrepreneurship theory from a historical perspective. Finally, it explores the future development of contemporary entrepreneurship as an independent research discipline.
Chapter 2 begins by presenting the characteristic features of Polish firms run by women in comparison with their counterparts in selected countries. It then reviews and discusses the internal and external determinants that facilitate or hinder the development of female entrepreneurship in Poland. Finally, it examines the economic, educational, as well as social and cultural barriers that negatively affect women entrepreneurs and their firms in Poland.
Chapter 3 starts by reviewing the main research themes in the literature on women’s entrepreneurship discussed since the mid-1970s. It then explores the theoretical background regarding research on the success factors of women-owned firms. In this section, firstly, different views on the concept of “success” in the business context are explained. Secondly, the measurement of different business success outcomes is examined in relation to the different methodological approaches used in research. Thirdly, key factors identified in the existing literature that positively influence the success achieved by women entrepreneurs are discussed. Finally, in the last section of this chapter, 24 selected papers from around the world, covering the period 2005–2018, are analyzed to examine the key factors that contribute positively to the performance of women-owned firms.
Chapter 4 provides the methodological basis for the study. This chapter presents and discusses the theoretical research model developed for the study. The research questions and objectives of the study are then formulated. Next, the research thesis and the hypotheses to be tested empirically are presented. This is followed by a description of the study population and the sampling design adopted. Finally, the methods and process of empirical data collection and the statistical methods used in data analysis are discussed.
Chapter 5 begins with a description of the characteristics of the Mazovia Voivodeship in Poland. Subsequently, the socio-demographic profile of female microentrepreneurs operating in the Mazovia Voivodeship is presented. Next, the business goals pursued and strategies adopted by women micro-entrepreneurs surveyed are described. Finally, the resources and characteristics of the researched micro-enterprises from the region, which are owned and co-owned by women, are presented.
Chapter 6 starts by explaining how the variables in the study are measured and operationalized. This is followed by a discussion of the findings of the exploratory factor analysis. Next, three correlation coefficients are analyzed to determine statistically significant correlations with the dependent variable under study. Subsequently, the results of the bivariate linear regression analysis are presented. This statistical method is used to test the formulated research hypotheses. Finally, three multivariate regression models are evaluated and their results are discussed with reference to published literature.
Finally, the Conclusions and recommendations section begins with conclusions drawn from the critical literature review and analysis of secondary data on women’s business success factors. It is followed by final conclusions relating to the authors’ own research on the key success factors affecting the economic performance of Polish micro-enterprises from the studied region, owned and co-owned by women. Next, some recommendations are presented to improve the business environment for female entrepreneurship in Poland. This section concludes with several recommendations for researchers on future directions of research on the phenomenon under study.
(excerpt from the Introduction)
Introduction
Chapter 1
Theoretical foundations of entrepreneurship
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Origin and different approaches to the concept of “entrepreneur” in the literature
1.3. Origin and historical evolution of entrepreneurship theory
1.3.1. Introduction
1.3.2. An economic perspective on entrepreneurship
1.3.3. Psychological and sociological perspectives on entrepreneurship
1.3.4. Contemporary thought perspectives in entrepreneurship
1.4. Chapter summary
Chapter 2
Features, determinants of development and barriers to women’s entrepreneurship in Poland
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Characteristic features of women-owned firms in Poland
2.2.1. Entrepreneurship participation rates and distribution of women-owned firms in economic sectors
2.2.2. Performance of women-owned businesses
2.2.3. Women’s access to external finance
2.3. Determinants of women’s entrepreneurship development in Poland
2.4. Barriers to women’s entrepreneurship development in Poland
2.4.1. Barriers that adversely affect women and men business owners in Poland
2.4.2. Specific barriers negatively affecting women’s entrepreneurship in Poland
2.5. Chapter summary
Chapter 3
Overview of women’s success factors in a business context
3.1. Introduction
3.2. The specific nature of women’s entrepreneurship
3.2.1. Women’s entrepreneurship: early beginnings and literature review
3.2.2. Major contribution of women’s entrepreneurship research to the broader literature on entrepreneurship and small business management
3.3. Theoretical background to the research on business success factors of women-owned firms
3.3.1. Understanding and defining the concept of “success” in a business context
3.3.2. Measuring success in the context of women’s entrepreneurship: a review of the literature on business success outcome variables
3.3.3. Exploring factors positively influencing the success of women-owned firms: a review of literature on predictors of business success
3.4. Analysis of key success factors that positively affect the performance of women[1]owned firms: selected empirical evidence from the contemporary literature
3.5. Chapter summary
Chapter 4
Research methodology and description of the theoretical research model
4.1. Introduction
4.2. The epistemological position adopted
4.3. Research design
4.4. Specific research questions addressed in the study
4.5. The research objectives
4.5.1. Primary research objective
4.5.2. Secondary objectives
4.6. Theoretical research model
4.6.1. Description of the theoretical research model
4.6.2. Business success outcomes (economic and non-economic)
4.6.3. Predictors of business success
4.6.4. Control variables
4.7. Research thesis and hypotheses
4.7.1. Formulation of the research thesis
4.7.2. Formulation of research hypotheses
4.8. Description of the population and sampling design
4.9. Questionnaire design and pretesting
4.10. Data collection
4.11. Data analysis
4.12. Chapter summary
Chapter 5
The profile of Polish women micro-entrepreneurs from the Mazovia Voivodeship and the characteristic features of their firms
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Characteristics of the Mazovia Voivodeship in Poland
5.3. Socio-demographic characteristics of Polish women micro-entrepreneurs from the Mazovia Voivodeship
5.4. Pursued business goals and adopted strategies of Polish women micro-entrepreneurs from the Mazovia Voivodeship
5.5. Resources and firm characteristics of women-owned micro-enterprises from the Mazovia Voivodeship in Poland
5.6. Chapter summary
Chapter 6
Exploration of key success factors in business of women micro-entrepreneurs from the Mazovia Voivodeship
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Description of variables, level of measurement and operationalization in the study
6.3. Presentation of study results: exploratory factor analysis
6.3.1. Introduction
6.3.2. Preliminary data exploration using exploratory factor analysis
6.3.3. Factor extraction, reliability analysis and calculation of summated scales
6.4. Presentation of study results: analysis of correlation coefficients
6.4.1. Introduction
6.4.2. Discussion of results for Pearson’s r, Spearman’s rho and Kendall’s tau correlation coefficients
6.5. Presentation of study results: bivariate linear regression analysis and hypotheses testing
6.5.1. Introduction
6.5.2. Testing research hypotheses using bivariate linear regression models
6.6. Presentation of study results: evaluation of multivariate regression models
6.6.1. Introduction
6.6.2. Empirical evaluation of multivariate regression models
6.6.3. Discussion of study results for multivariate regression models
6.7. Chapter summary
Conclusions and recommendations
Bibliography
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Equations
Appendices
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
Appendix 4
Appendix 5
Appendix 6
