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Preface
The competitiveness of economies is an issue that becomes particularly important in times of crises. The collapse triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic, spreading virtually all over the world in 2020, has a different impact on individual economies and generates multiple social and economic effects. The debate on competitiveness in Times of crisis focuses not only on maintaining or improving the competitive position, but also on the emergence of new dimensions of this phenomenon and the change in the significance of the various competitiveness factors. New economic policy approaches and instruments are also being developed to strengthen the resilience of economies to the crisis and improve competitiveness in difficult times. Joining this debate by academics and practitioners, the present monograph seeks to find out the competitive position of the Polish economy in 2020 and the direction of its changes between 2010 and 2020, and to identify the factors driving these changes in the period under analysis.
In view of the pandemic-induced strong slowdown in international trade growth and capital flows, an additional specific goal of the monograph is to determine the status of Poland's bilateral economic ties with major economic partners and to identify new areas of cooperation yet to be untapped. The results of the analyses in the monograph provide a reference point for further research into the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Poland's bilateral economic cooperation and indicate the directions of economic policy aimed at strengthening Poland's international relations after the pandemic.
The methodology used in this monograph for comparative studies on competitiveness was developed by a team coordinated by the World Economy Research Institute of the SGH Warsaw School of Economics in cooperation with international centers. Poland's competitive position and its changes over the period 2010-2020 have been benchmarked using a whole set of economic and social indicators reflecting:
1) the welfare level (including GDP growth rate, GDP per capita, inflation, unemployment);
2) changes in the standard of living of the population and the scale of income inequalities (including the Gini index, social progress index); 3) Poland's position in the international division of labor (including the revealed comparative advantage, inflow of foreign direct investment).
In addition, the most important economic competitiveness factors shaping Poland's economic performance so far and impacting developments in competitive position, such as innovation, labor resources and economic policy, are analyzed in depth.
The structure of the monograph corresponds to the methodological assumptions adopted. The book is divided into three parts, within which the individual chapters are organized by subject matter, and the main conclusions of the studies presented in them are laid out in the closing summary of the monograph.
Part I of the monograph begins with theoretical reflections on the competitiveness of economies in times of crisis in the context of cooperation with foreign countries (Chapter 1), which form the basis for the empirical analyses presented in the following parts of the publication. Chapters 2 and 3 contain the results of a comparative analysis of Poland's economic development trends for the period 2010-2020, taking into account income inequalities and the key aspects of social exclusion. The competitive position of the Polish economy thus determined is supplemented by international aspects in the following chapters. Chapters 4 and 5 are devoted to analyzing the competitiveness of Poland in external economic relations. This made it possible to identify changes in Polish foreign trade in 2010-2020 and to show the links between foreign direct investment and the competitiveness of the Polish economy.
Part II (Chapters 6 to 9) seeks to identify the key competitiveness factors for Poland between 2010 and 2020. To this end, a detailed analysis of Poland's innovation performance was carried out, taking into account regional and cultural aspects (Chapters 6 and 7), human resources and the labor market (Chapter 8). The broader context of the factors and conditions relating to Poland's competitiveness is provided for in the assessment of economic policies contained in Chapter 9, carried out against the background of the entire institutional architecture of the Polish economy. The objective of Part III is to assess the level of bilateral economic relations with Poland's major economic partners, such as the US, Germany, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, China, and India. The analyses of economic cooperation concern in particular: (1) the flow of products (trade in goods and services); (2) the flow of factors of production (in particular capital, mainly in the form of foreign direct investment) and labor (migrations, particularly relevant for relations with Ukraine).
The selection of countries for an analysis of bilateral economic relations with Poland was driven by different criteria. The US (whose bilateral economic relations with Poland are set out in Chapter 10) is Poland's important economic partner, with the relationship being strengthened by political factors, in particular the strong Polish- American partnership in the field of international security. Germany (Chapter 11) is the most important trading partner of Poland in terms of both exports and imports and plays a crucial role in linking Polish companies to global value chains. Ukraine (Chapter 12) is an important economic partner for Poland due to its geographical proximity, the size and potential of its economy, as well as cultural similarities and importance in Poland's Eastern politics. Japan (Chapter 13) and South Korea (Chapter 14) are examples of highly developed countries with a high level of innovation, which can therefore be sources of technology transfer and development models for hightech industries. China (Chapter 15) and India (Chapter 16), as the countries with the largest populations in the world, have an enormous economic potential, albeit they differ in terms of international position. While China is the largest exporter in the global economy, gradually becoming one of the world's biggest economic powers, India, despite its enormous human capital potential, still faces many fundamental development problems. These differences affect bilateral economic links between Poland and these countries.
The monograph is wrapped up with a summary which provides a synthetic overview of the results obtained and economic policy proposals aimed at improving competitiveness in the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
Marzenna Anna Weresa
Arkadiusz Michał Kowalski
[[[separator]]]
Preface
PART I. COMPETITIVENESS OF THE POLISH ECONOMY IN 2010-2020
Chapter 1. International Competitiveness and Cooperation in Times of Economic Crises - Theoretical Aspects
Arkadiusz Michał Kowalski, Marzenna Anna Weresa
Chapter 2. Development of the Polish Economy in 2010- 2020 Compared with Other EU Countries and Poland's Selected Economic Partners
Ryszard Rapacki, Mariusz Próchniak
Chapter 3. Income Inequality, Poverty Risk and Other Selected Aspects of Social Exclusion in Poland Compared with Other EU Countries
Patrycja Graca-Gelert
Chapter 4. Competitiveness of Polish Foreign Trade and Balance of Payments: A Bilateral Perspective
Mariusz-Jan Radło
Chapter 5. The Relationship between Domestic and Bilateral Foreign Direct Investment and the Competitiveness of the Polish Economy
Tomasz Marcin Napiórkowski
PART II. KEY FACTORS OF COMPETITIVENESS OF THE POLISH ECONOMY IN 2010-2020
Chapter 6. Innovativeness of Poland's Economy Compared with Its Main Trade Partners
Marzenna Anna Weresa, Arkadiusz Michał Kowalski
Chapter 7. Dimensions of Culture and Innovation Linkages. An International Comparison
Lidia Danik, Małgorzata Stefania Lewandowska
Chapter 8. Skills Imbalances and Their Labor Policy Implications in Poland
Anna Maria Dzienis
Chapter 9. Economic Policy and Institutions
Adam Czerniak, Ryszard Rapacki
PART III. POLAND'S BILATERAL RELATIONS WITH ITS MAIN PARTNERS IN THE SECOND DECADE OF THE 21ST CENTURY
Chapter 10. Poland-United States Bilateral Relations: Political and Economic Aspects
Artur Franciszek Tomeczek
Chapter 11. Poland's Bilateral Relations with Germany after 2010 - Dynamic Development and New Prospects for Cooperation
Katarzyna Kamińska
Chapter 12. Polish-Ukrainian Economic Relations in 2010-2020 with a Particular Focus on Economic Migration .
Krzysztof Falkowski
Chapter 13. Japan's Presence in the Polish Economy after 2010: Foreign Direct Investment and Bilateral Trade
Anna Maria Dzienis
Chapter 14. Poland's Economic Cooperation with the Republic of Korea: Trade and Foreign Direct Investment
Marta Mackiewicz
Chapter 15. Economic Relations between Poland and China in the Belt and Road Era
Agnieszka McCaleb
Chapter 16. Poland's Bilateral Economic Ties with India in the Context of the Economic Potential of Its Trading Partners
Robert Dygas
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Poland's Competitive Position at the Beginning of 2021
Arkadiusz Michał Kowalski, Marzenna Anna Weresa
Opis
Wstęp
Preface
The competitiveness of economies is an issue that becomes particularly important in times of crises. The collapse triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic, spreading virtually all over the world in 2020, has a different impact on individual economies and generates multiple social and economic effects. The debate on competitiveness in Times of crisis focuses not only on maintaining or improving the competitive position, but also on the emergence of new dimensions of this phenomenon and the change in the significance of the various competitiveness factors. New economic policy approaches and instruments are also being developed to strengthen the resilience of economies to the crisis and improve competitiveness in difficult times. Joining this debate by academics and practitioners, the present monograph seeks to find out the competitive position of the Polish economy in 2020 and the direction of its changes between 2010 and 2020, and to identify the factors driving these changes in the period under analysis.
In view of the pandemic-induced strong slowdown in international trade growth and capital flows, an additional specific goal of the monograph is to determine the status of Poland's bilateral economic ties with major economic partners and to identify new areas of cooperation yet to be untapped. The results of the analyses in the monograph provide a reference point for further research into the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Poland's bilateral economic cooperation and indicate the directions of economic policy aimed at strengthening Poland's international relations after the pandemic.
The methodology used in this monograph for comparative studies on competitiveness was developed by a team coordinated by the World Economy Research Institute of the SGH Warsaw School of Economics in cooperation with international centers. Poland's competitive position and its changes over the period 2010-2020 have been benchmarked using a whole set of economic and social indicators reflecting:
1) the welfare level (including GDP growth rate, GDP per capita, inflation, unemployment);
2) changes in the standard of living of the population and the scale of income inequalities (including the Gini index, social progress index); 3) Poland's position in the international division of labor (including the revealed comparative advantage, inflow of foreign direct investment).
In addition, the most important economic competitiveness factors shaping Poland's economic performance so far and impacting developments in competitive position, such as innovation, labor resources and economic policy, are analyzed in depth.
The structure of the monograph corresponds to the methodological assumptions adopted. The book is divided into three parts, within which the individual chapters are organized by subject matter, and the main conclusions of the studies presented in them are laid out in the closing summary of the monograph.
Part I of the monograph begins with theoretical reflections on the competitiveness of economies in times of crisis in the context of cooperation with foreign countries (Chapter 1), which form the basis for the empirical analyses presented in the following parts of the publication. Chapters 2 and 3 contain the results of a comparative analysis of Poland's economic development trends for the period 2010-2020, taking into account income inequalities and the key aspects of social exclusion. The competitive position of the Polish economy thus determined is supplemented by international aspects in the following chapters. Chapters 4 and 5 are devoted to analyzing the competitiveness of Poland in external economic relations. This made it possible to identify changes in Polish foreign trade in 2010-2020 and to show the links between foreign direct investment and the competitiveness of the Polish economy.
Part II (Chapters 6 to 9) seeks to identify the key competitiveness factors for Poland between 2010 and 2020. To this end, a detailed analysis of Poland's innovation performance was carried out, taking into account regional and cultural aspects (Chapters 6 and 7), human resources and the labor market (Chapter 8). The broader context of the factors and conditions relating to Poland's competitiveness is provided for in the assessment of economic policies contained in Chapter 9, carried out against the background of the entire institutional architecture of the Polish economy. The objective of Part III is to assess the level of bilateral economic relations with Poland's major economic partners, such as the US, Germany, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, China, and India. The analyses of economic cooperation concern in particular: (1) the flow of products (trade in goods and services); (2) the flow of factors of production (in particular capital, mainly in the form of foreign direct investment) and labor (migrations, particularly relevant for relations with Ukraine).
The selection of countries for an analysis of bilateral economic relations with Poland was driven by different criteria. The US (whose bilateral economic relations with Poland are set out in Chapter 10) is Poland's important economic partner, with the relationship being strengthened by political factors, in particular the strong Polish- American partnership in the field of international security. Germany (Chapter 11) is the most important trading partner of Poland in terms of both exports and imports and plays a crucial role in linking Polish companies to global value chains. Ukraine (Chapter 12) is an important economic partner for Poland due to its geographical proximity, the size and potential of its economy, as well as cultural similarities and importance in Poland's Eastern politics. Japan (Chapter 13) and South Korea (Chapter 14) are examples of highly developed countries with a high level of innovation, which can therefore be sources of technology transfer and development models for hightech industries. China (Chapter 15) and India (Chapter 16), as the countries with the largest populations in the world, have an enormous economic potential, albeit they differ in terms of international position. While China is the largest exporter in the global economy, gradually becoming one of the world's biggest economic powers, India, despite its enormous human capital potential, still faces many fundamental development problems. These differences affect bilateral economic links between Poland and these countries.
The monograph is wrapped up with a summary which provides a synthetic overview of the results obtained and economic policy proposals aimed at improving competitiveness in the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
Marzenna Anna Weresa
Arkadiusz Michał Kowalski
Spis treści
Preface
PART I. COMPETITIVENESS OF THE POLISH ECONOMY IN 2010-2020
Chapter 1. International Competitiveness and Cooperation in Times of Economic Crises - Theoretical Aspects
Arkadiusz Michał Kowalski, Marzenna Anna Weresa
Chapter 2. Development of the Polish Economy in 2010- 2020 Compared with Other EU Countries and Poland's Selected Economic Partners
Ryszard Rapacki, Mariusz Próchniak
Chapter 3. Income Inequality, Poverty Risk and Other Selected Aspects of Social Exclusion in Poland Compared with Other EU Countries
Patrycja Graca-Gelert
Chapter 4. Competitiveness of Polish Foreign Trade and Balance of Payments: A Bilateral Perspective
Mariusz-Jan Radło
Chapter 5. The Relationship between Domestic and Bilateral Foreign Direct Investment and the Competitiveness of the Polish Economy
Tomasz Marcin Napiórkowski
PART II. KEY FACTORS OF COMPETITIVENESS OF THE POLISH ECONOMY IN 2010-2020
Chapter 6. Innovativeness of Poland's Economy Compared with Its Main Trade Partners
Marzenna Anna Weresa, Arkadiusz Michał Kowalski
Chapter 7. Dimensions of Culture and Innovation Linkages. An International Comparison
Lidia Danik, Małgorzata Stefania Lewandowska
Chapter 8. Skills Imbalances and Their Labor Policy Implications in Poland
Anna Maria Dzienis
Chapter 9. Economic Policy and Institutions
Adam Czerniak, Ryszard Rapacki
PART III. POLAND'S BILATERAL RELATIONS WITH ITS MAIN PARTNERS IN THE SECOND DECADE OF THE 21ST CENTURY
Chapter 10. Poland-United States Bilateral Relations: Political and Economic Aspects
Artur Franciszek Tomeczek
Chapter 11. Poland's Bilateral Relations with Germany after 2010 - Dynamic Development and New Prospects for Cooperation
Katarzyna Kamińska
Chapter 12. Polish-Ukrainian Economic Relations in 2010-2020 with a Particular Focus on Economic Migration .
Krzysztof Falkowski
Chapter 13. Japan's Presence in the Polish Economy after 2010: Foreign Direct Investment and Bilateral Trade
Anna Maria Dzienis
Chapter 14. Poland's Economic Cooperation with the Republic of Korea: Trade and Foreign Direct Investment
Marta Mackiewicz
Chapter 15. Economic Relations between Poland and China in the Belt and Road Era
Agnieszka McCaleb
Chapter 16. Poland's Bilateral Economic Ties with India in the Context of the Economic Potential of Its Trading Partners
Robert Dygas
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Poland's Competitive Position at the Beginning of 2021
Arkadiusz Michał Kowalski, Marzenna Anna Weresa
Opinie
Preface
The competitiveness of economies is an issue that becomes particularly important in times of crises. The collapse triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic, spreading virtually all over the world in 2020, has a different impact on individual economies and generates multiple social and economic effects. The debate on competitiveness in Times of crisis focuses not only on maintaining or improving the competitive position, but also on the emergence of new dimensions of this phenomenon and the change in the significance of the various competitiveness factors. New economic policy approaches and instruments are also being developed to strengthen the resilience of economies to the crisis and improve competitiveness in difficult times. Joining this debate by academics and practitioners, the present monograph seeks to find out the competitive position of the Polish economy in 2020 and the direction of its changes between 2010 and 2020, and to identify the factors driving these changes in the period under analysis.
In view of the pandemic-induced strong slowdown in international trade growth and capital flows, an additional specific goal of the monograph is to determine the status of Poland's bilateral economic ties with major economic partners and to identify new areas of cooperation yet to be untapped. The results of the analyses in the monograph provide a reference point for further research into the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Poland's bilateral economic cooperation and indicate the directions of economic policy aimed at strengthening Poland's international relations after the pandemic.
The methodology used in this monograph for comparative studies on competitiveness was developed by a team coordinated by the World Economy Research Institute of the SGH Warsaw School of Economics in cooperation with international centers. Poland's competitive position and its changes over the period 2010-2020 have been benchmarked using a whole set of economic and social indicators reflecting:
1) the welfare level (including GDP growth rate, GDP per capita, inflation, unemployment);
2) changes in the standard of living of the population and the scale of income inequalities (including the Gini index, social progress index); 3) Poland's position in the international division of labor (including the revealed comparative advantage, inflow of foreign direct investment).
In addition, the most important economic competitiveness factors shaping Poland's economic performance so far and impacting developments in competitive position, such as innovation, labor resources and economic policy, are analyzed in depth.
The structure of the monograph corresponds to the methodological assumptions adopted. The book is divided into three parts, within which the individual chapters are organized by subject matter, and the main conclusions of the studies presented in them are laid out in the closing summary of the monograph.
Part I of the monograph begins with theoretical reflections on the competitiveness of economies in times of crisis in the context of cooperation with foreign countries (Chapter 1), which form the basis for the empirical analyses presented in the following parts of the publication. Chapters 2 and 3 contain the results of a comparative analysis of Poland's economic development trends for the period 2010-2020, taking into account income inequalities and the key aspects of social exclusion. The competitive position of the Polish economy thus determined is supplemented by international aspects in the following chapters. Chapters 4 and 5 are devoted to analyzing the competitiveness of Poland in external economic relations. This made it possible to identify changes in Polish foreign trade in 2010-2020 and to show the links between foreign direct investment and the competitiveness of the Polish economy.
Part II (Chapters 6 to 9) seeks to identify the key competitiveness factors for Poland between 2010 and 2020. To this end, a detailed analysis of Poland's innovation performance was carried out, taking into account regional and cultural aspects (Chapters 6 and 7), human resources and the labor market (Chapter 8). The broader context of the factors and conditions relating to Poland's competitiveness is provided for in the assessment of economic policies contained in Chapter 9, carried out against the background of the entire institutional architecture of the Polish economy. The objective of Part III is to assess the level of bilateral economic relations with Poland's major economic partners, such as the US, Germany, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, China, and India. The analyses of economic cooperation concern in particular: (1) the flow of products (trade in goods and services); (2) the flow of factors of production (in particular capital, mainly in the form of foreign direct investment) and labor (migrations, particularly relevant for relations with Ukraine).
The selection of countries for an analysis of bilateral economic relations with Poland was driven by different criteria. The US (whose bilateral economic relations with Poland are set out in Chapter 10) is Poland's important economic partner, with the relationship being strengthened by political factors, in particular the strong Polish- American partnership in the field of international security. Germany (Chapter 11) is the most important trading partner of Poland in terms of both exports and imports and plays a crucial role in linking Polish companies to global value chains. Ukraine (Chapter 12) is an important economic partner for Poland due to its geographical proximity, the size and potential of its economy, as well as cultural similarities and importance in Poland's Eastern politics. Japan (Chapter 13) and South Korea (Chapter 14) are examples of highly developed countries with a high level of innovation, which can therefore be sources of technology transfer and development models for hightech industries. China (Chapter 15) and India (Chapter 16), as the countries with the largest populations in the world, have an enormous economic potential, albeit they differ in terms of international position. While China is the largest exporter in the global economy, gradually becoming one of the world's biggest economic powers, India, despite its enormous human capital potential, still faces many fundamental development problems. These differences affect bilateral economic links between Poland and these countries.
The monograph is wrapped up with a summary which provides a synthetic overview of the results obtained and economic policy proposals aimed at improving competitiveness in the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
Marzenna Anna Weresa
Arkadiusz Michał Kowalski
Preface
PART I. COMPETITIVENESS OF THE POLISH ECONOMY IN 2010-2020
Chapter 1. International Competitiveness and Cooperation in Times of Economic Crises - Theoretical Aspects
Arkadiusz Michał Kowalski, Marzenna Anna Weresa
Chapter 2. Development of the Polish Economy in 2010- 2020 Compared with Other EU Countries and Poland's Selected Economic Partners
Ryszard Rapacki, Mariusz Próchniak
Chapter 3. Income Inequality, Poverty Risk and Other Selected Aspects of Social Exclusion in Poland Compared with Other EU Countries
Patrycja Graca-Gelert
Chapter 4. Competitiveness of Polish Foreign Trade and Balance of Payments: A Bilateral Perspective
Mariusz-Jan Radło
Chapter 5. The Relationship between Domestic and Bilateral Foreign Direct Investment and the Competitiveness of the Polish Economy
Tomasz Marcin Napiórkowski
PART II. KEY FACTORS OF COMPETITIVENESS OF THE POLISH ECONOMY IN 2010-2020
Chapter 6. Innovativeness of Poland's Economy Compared with Its Main Trade Partners
Marzenna Anna Weresa, Arkadiusz Michał Kowalski
Chapter 7. Dimensions of Culture and Innovation Linkages. An International Comparison
Lidia Danik, Małgorzata Stefania Lewandowska
Chapter 8. Skills Imbalances and Their Labor Policy Implications in Poland
Anna Maria Dzienis
Chapter 9. Economic Policy and Institutions
Adam Czerniak, Ryszard Rapacki
PART III. POLAND'S BILATERAL RELATIONS WITH ITS MAIN PARTNERS IN THE SECOND DECADE OF THE 21ST CENTURY
Chapter 10. Poland-United States Bilateral Relations: Political and Economic Aspects
Artur Franciszek Tomeczek
Chapter 11. Poland's Bilateral Relations with Germany after 2010 - Dynamic Development and New Prospects for Cooperation
Katarzyna Kamińska
Chapter 12. Polish-Ukrainian Economic Relations in 2010-2020 with a Particular Focus on Economic Migration .
Krzysztof Falkowski
Chapter 13. Japan's Presence in the Polish Economy after 2010: Foreign Direct Investment and Bilateral Trade
Anna Maria Dzienis
Chapter 14. Poland's Economic Cooperation with the Republic of Korea: Trade and Foreign Direct Investment
Marta Mackiewicz
Chapter 15. Economic Relations between Poland and China in the Belt and Road Era
Agnieszka McCaleb
Chapter 16. Poland's Bilateral Economic Ties with India in the Context of the Economic Potential of Its Trading Partners
Robert Dygas
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Poland's Competitive Position at the Beginning of 2021
Arkadiusz Michał Kowalski, Marzenna Anna Weresa
